For EPUBs, I use Marvin on my iPhone and couldn’t be happier with it. (Also, I’ve written a personal-use Python script that replaces f-bombs and other strong profanity in EPUBs with bullet points. Came in handy for Worm, Ra, and UNSONG, all of which I really enjoyed.) In fact, as near as I can remember, reading HPMOR on Marvin was what convinced me ebooks were great. HPMOR also convinced me that fanfiction done well can be amazing. (I liked it better than the originals.)

I’ve also been reading loads of books on Libby, and it’s been great — my public library has a fairly good selection of books on it, and the app itself is far better than the old Overdrive app.

To my surprise, I’ve also started buying books on Kindle. I used to be hesitant to do that (walled garden and all), but I’ve come to terms with it. (To the point that I’ve bought around, uh, 300 books since the beginning of the year. I may have a problem.) (Also, it’s crazy how many books go on sale for a couple dollars. I use eReaderIQ to watch for those sales.) While I do have an old Kindle, I use the app on my phone, since I always have my phone with me. Oh, and the Prime reading library usually has some interesting books, too.

Last but not least, for print books (primarily nonfiction), I tend to scan a chunk of forty to fifty pages using my camera app, turn it into a PDF with Readdle’s Scanner Pro app, and read it using Readdle’s Documents app. That way I can make an “ebook” out of pretty much any print book, letting me read it anywhere without having to lug the physical book around. This method catapulted my nonfiction reading forward, and it’s been great. The only downside is that the scanning takes time, but it’s been worth it. I estimate I’ve read at least 15,000+ pages this way over the past five years.

Overall, I love ebooks. Having them with me all the time is unbeatable. In fact, I just checked and it looks like I haven’t read a print book in over six months. I still love print, but ebooks are the future, at least for me.

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A lot of the ebooks I’m working on have poetry, and after struggling with the formatting for a while, I think I’ve finally found some methods that are quite acceptable for EPUB (iBooks and Adobe Digital Editions) and somewhat acceptable for Kindle.

Without line numbers

This is the easiest. We’ll be working with the first two stanzas of “Adam-ondi-Ahman”, aiming for the following formatting:

EPUB

First off, there’s no standard way to mark up poetry. This works for me, but if you’ve got a better way, let us know in the comments.

Markup

<div class="poetry">
    <p>This earth was once a garden place,</p>
        <p class="indent">With all her glories common,</p>
    <p>And men did live a holy race,</p>
    <p>And worship Jesus face to face,</p>
        <p class="indent">In Adam-ondi-Ahman.</p>

    <p class="stanza">We read that Enoch walk'd with God,</p>
        <p class="indent">Above the power of mammon,</p>
    <p>While Zion spread herself abroad,</p>
    <p>And Saints and angels sung aloud,</p>
        <p class="indent">In Adam-ondi-Ahman.</p>
</div>

So, encapsulate the poem in a .poetry div, put each line in a <p> tag, and use the .indent class for indenting lines. For new stanzas, add a .stanza class to the first line.

CSS

.poetry                 { margin: 1em 0; }
.poetry p               { margin: 0 0 0 4em; text-indent: -2em; }
.poetry p.stanza        { margin-top: 1em; }
.poetry p.indent        { margin-left: 5em; }
.poetry p.indent2       { margin-left: 5.5em; }
.poetry p.indent3       { margin-left: 6em; }

And that’ll give you hanging indents and proper indentation and all that good stuff, indenting the whole poem 2em from the left; if you need further indentation, you can use the .indent2 and .indent3 classes (and of course modify them however you need).

To set the poetry flush left, by the way, change margin: 0 0 0 4em to margin: 0 0 0 2em and set the .indent classes to start at 3em instead of 5em.

Kindle (no hanging indent)

If your lines are short enough that you don’t need to worry about using hanging indents, this markup is clean and short:

Markup

<p class="stanza">This earth was once a garden place,</p>
    <p class="indent">With all her glories common,</p>
<p>And men did live a holy race,</p>
<p>And worship Jesus face to face,</p>
    <p class="indent">In Adam-ondi-Ahman.</p>

<p class="stanza">We read that Enoch walk'd with God,</p>
    <p class="indent">Above the power of mammon,</p>
<p>While Zion spread herself abroad,</p>
<p>And Saints and angels sung aloud,</p>
    <p class="indent">In Adam-ondi-Ahman.</p>

CSS

p           { text-align: left; }
p.stanza    { margin-top: 1em; }
p.indent    { text-indent: 3em; }

Fairly simple.

Kindle (hanging indent)

With longer lines, you’ll usually want to give them hanging indents, as is traditional in formatting poetry. We can do this on the Kindle using nested “ tags.

There’s a catch, though: if you use this technique for hanging indents, you can’t do further indentation using CSS (like line 2 in our example poem) — as soon as you try to add the hanging indent, the whole thing goes flush left again. Instead, you have to resort to the dreaded   entity. If any of you figure out how to get indents and hanging indents on the Kindle, let me know.

Markup

<p class="outer"><p class="inner">This earth was once a garden place,</p>
    <p class="outer"><p class="inner">     With all her glories common,</p></p>
<p class="outer"><p class="inner">And men did live a holy race,</p></p>
<p class="outer"><p class="inner">And worship Jesus face to face,</p></p>
    <p class="outer"><p class="inner">     In Adam-ondi-Ahman.</p></p>

<p class="outer"><p class="stanza">We read that Enoch walk'd with God,</p></p>
    <p class="outer"><p class="inner">     Above the power of mammon,</p></p>
<p class="outer"><p class="inner">While Zion spread herself abroad,</p></p>
<p class="outer"><p class="inner">And Saints and angels sung aloud,</p></p>
    <p class="outer"><p class="inner">     In Adam-ondi-Ahman.</p></p>

Note that for a new stanza, we replace the .inner class with .stanza (since the Kindle parser can’t handle two CSS classes on the same element).

CSS

p           { text-align: left; }
p.outer     { text-indent: 2em; }
p.inner     { text-indent: -2em; }
p.stanza    { text-indent: -2em; margin-top: 1em; }

With line numbers

Now it gets a little more complicated. For all of these, I’m using manually entered line numbers. Once EPUB readers support more CSS selectors (like :nth-child), though, it’ll be possible to do this automatically.

There are two basic styles of line numbers in poetry. Here’s left-aligned, using the first twelve lines of the Old English poem “Dream of the Rood” as an example of what we’re trying to achieve:

And right-aligned:

EPUB markup (left- and right-aligned line numbers)

The markup is the same for both left-aligned and right-aligned line numbers:

<div class="poetry">
    <p>Hwæt! Ic swefna cyst <span class="caesura"></span> secgan wylle,</p>
    <p>hwæt me gemætte <span class="caesura"></span> to midre nihte,</p>
    <p>syðþan reordberend <span class="caesura"></span> reste wunedon!</p>
    <p>þuhte me þæt ic gesawe <span class="caesura"></span> syllicre treow</p>

    <span class="num">5</span>

    <p>on lyft lædan, <span class="caesura"></span> leohte bewunden,</p>
    <p>beama beorhtost. <span class="caesura"></span> Eall þæt beacen wæs</p>
    <p>begoten mid golde. <span class="caesura"></span> Gimmas stodon</p>
    <p>fægere æt foldan sceatum, <span class="caesura"></span> swylce þær fife wæron</p>
    <p>uppe on þam eaxlegespanne. <span class="caesura"></span> Beheoldon þær engel dryhtnes ealle,</p>

    <span class="num">10</span>

    <p>fægere þurh forðgesceaft. <span class="caesura"></span> Ne wæs ðær huru fracodes gealga,</p>
    <p>ac hine þær beheoldon <span class="caesura"></span> halige gastas,</p>
    <p>men ofer moldan, <span class="caesura"></span> ond eall þeos mære gesceaft.</p>
    <p>Syllic wæs se sigebeam, <span class="caesura"></span> ond ic synnum fah,</p>
    <p>forwunded mid wommum. <span class="caesura"></span> Geseah ic wuldres treow,</p>
</div>

EPUB CSS (left-aligned line numbers)

.poetry             { margin: 1em 0; }
.poetry p           { margin: 0 0 0 6em; text-indent: -3em; }
.poetry p.indent    { margin-left: 7em; }
.poetry .num        { float: left; margin-left: 5px; font-size: .8em;
                        color: #999; font-style: italic; }
.poetry .caesura     { display: inline-block; width: 2em; }

EPUB CSS (right-aligned line numbers)

.poetry             { margin: 1em 0; }
.poetry p           { margin: 0 2em 0 2em; text-indent: -2em; }
.poetry p.indent    { margin-left: 1em; }
.poetry .num        { float: right; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 5px;
                        font-size: .8em; color: #999; font-style: italic; }
.poetry .caesura     { display: inline-block; width: 2em; }

Kindle (right-aligned)

With Kindle, alas, there’s no good way to set line numbers with poetry. The best I’ve come up with has the line numbers right aligned on their own line, which means every five lines (or however often you put line numbers in) there’s a stanza-like blank line. You’ll also notice that the .caesura spans have been replaced with manual strings of  , because the spans don’t work on Kindle.

Markup

<p class="outer"><p class="inner">Hwæt! Ic swefna cyst       secgan wylle,</p></p>
<p class="outer"><p class="inner">hwæt me gemætte       to midre nihte,</p></p>
<p class="outer"><p class="inner">syðþan reordberend       reste wunedon!</p></p>
<p class="outer"><p class="inner">þuhte me þæt ic gesawe       syllicre treow</p></p>

<p class="num">5</p>

<p class="outer"><p class="inner">on lyft lædan,       leohte bewunden,</p></p>
<p class="outer"><p class="inner">beama beorhtost.       Eall þæt beacen wæs</p></p>
<p class="outer"><p class="inner">begoten mid golde.       Gimmas stodon</p></p>
<p class="outer"><p class="inner">fægere æt foldan sceatum,       swylce þær fife wæron</p></p>
<p class="outer"><p class="inner">uppe on þam eaxlegespanne.       Beheoldon þær engel dryhtnes ealle,</p></p>

<p class="num">10</p>

<p class="outer"><p class="inner">fægere þurh forðgesceaft.       Ne wæs ðær huru fracodes gealga,</p></p>
<p class="outer"><p class="inner">ac hine þær beheoldon       halige gastas,</p></p>
<p class="outer"><p class="inner">men ofer moldan,       ond eall þeos mære gesceaft.</p></p>

CSS

p           { text-align: left; }
p.outer     { text-indent: 2em; }
p.inner     { text-indent: -2em; }
p.num       { font-style: italic; text-indent: 90%; }

Conclusion

Nice as it would be to have a cross-platform EPUB/Kindle solution for formatting poetry, that day hasn’t yet come. But in spite of the occasional hassles (I’m looking at you, Kindle), you can get decent-looking results without resorting to too much hackery.

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